By all accounts, the Taliban (Pashto for "students," or "religious students") as a united military force was born during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and rose to power in that country as the Soviets withdrew in the mid-1990s. In 2001, a U.S.-led coalition invaded the country and ousted them from power. Yet we're still hearing about them. They still carry out deadly attacks, and not just in Afghanistan. A brief history of the group: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11451718
For a more detailed discussion, written in 2000: http://www.institute-for-afghan-studies.org/AFGHAN%20CONFLICT/TALIBAN/intro_kakar.htm
A Frontline report, from Peshawar, Karachi, and villages in and around Swat Valley, Pakistan, in 2009 (story and video): http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan802/video/video_index.html
A profile of the Pakistani Taliban: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/04/201241583926475264.html
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